Journal of Social Work Research

Abstract This study aims to understand the role and position of first families in the guardianship of their daughter, the female head of household. To achieve the research objectives, grounded theory was used, and data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 33 female heads of household in Behshahr city. Open coding led to the emergence of four main categories: 1- Headship of the household; 2- Expectations of women's role from themselves; 3- Expectations of the female head of household from others; 4- Expectations of the primary family from the female head of household. The findings showed that the support of the primary family has a central influence on the role of female caregivers. After accepting the caregiver role, these women were divided into two groups. Women were placed in two paradigmatic patterns: 1- Self as an agent of change, 2- Self as a need for support. In the first paradigm, women's understanding of femininity is the ability to change in life and achieve goals. However, women in the second paradigm do not have the self-confidence necessary for independence in life, and their understanding of femininity prevents them from trying to change in life without the support of others. The findings show that the primary family influences women's self-perception and reinforces each of the two paradigms mentioned. The first families in this study are divided into two categories: control-oriented and guidance-oriented. The majority of women expected their families to live under the shadow of their father or brother.

Abstract Accordingly, the aim of this study is to analyze mothers' performance in the process of shaping their children's cultural capital and to identify the challenges they face along this path. This study employed an ethnographic approach, using semi-structured ethnographic interviews and observations for data collection. The participants included 20 mothers aged 33 to 48 . The findings indicate that mothers, through their emotional capital, utilize various resources to establish strong bonds with their children and cultivate traits that society values as cultural capital. They achieve this through self-sacrifice and by dedicating significant time to direct education or by enrolling their children in various classes to equip them with diverse skills, thereby shaping their cultural capital. However, mothers encounter several challenges in the process of generating and accumulating cultural capital for their children, including: 1) The dilemma of being an "adequate" or "perfect" mother; 2)The conflict between motherhood, employment, and professional advancement; 3) A perceived lack of cultural capital.
The research findings indicate that mothers, by leveraging their emotional capital, use resources to establish a strong bond with their children in order to cultivate qualities in their children that are valued by society. They spend time teaching their children or equip them with various skills by taking them to different classes, thereby shaping their children's cultural capital. In the process of producing and accumulating cultural capital in their children, mothers face challenges that entail both negative and positive outcomes for them.

Abstract The purpose of this research is to identify the conditions leading to recidivism in prison. An ethnographic method was used to achieve this goal. Information was collected through interviews with 20 male prisoners with a history of returning to prison as informants, field observation, and the study of documents. The findings showed that the prison has an official mechanism for dealing with the prisoner that operates at five levels: meeting the prisoner's biological needs, receiving and evaluating, providing training, support, and care, and improving the prisoner's social relations. Also, the analysis of the interviews led to the emergence of five main categories: the prisoner label and the experience of social exclusion, the density of prisoners, the lack of protective classification of prisoners, the inefficiency of support and care systems, and inefficient and ineffective education. The ward provides informal support and training as a center for receiving official biological and support services. Male prisoners returning to prison are practically aligned with the informal socialization system, and the official system does not have the necessary efficiency to communicate with this group of prisoners. The existing official mechanism is also unable to achieve its set goals. ‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬ ‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬

Abstract The precise question of this article is,” How did imprisoned male prisoners experience family and school? Did these experiences lead them toward social deviance? ether the prison can stop the cycle of returning to the prison of male prisoners. This research was conducted using the qualitative approach of grounded theory. Data were collected through observation and semi-structured interviews with 20 male prisoners aged 35 to 50 who had experienced committing a crime and returning to Prison. In this review, the theories of Foucault, Sutherland, Gottfredson, and Hirschi were considered for theoretical sensitivity. The research findings show that the male prisoners who have returned to prison often fall into two paradigms of "disoriented youth" and "ambitious without tools.” The result of both paradigms is imprisoned. In the first paradigm, family and school, as the primary socializing institutions, are not prepared to face the intense sexual desires of these young men. The young men were categorized as violented people against the rules. In the second paradigm, the young man goes through the excitement of adolescence more quickly, but at the same time, he is not ready to face newer challenges in the family, job, and education. The important thing is that all the people admitted to prison did not necessarily appear from within the delinquent subculture. Still, the inefficiency of family and, school, led to the fact that the person's lack of preparation to face the ups and downs of life is incomplete and ineffective.

Abstract Historically, child poverty has been synonymous with family poverty and was estimated using quantitative methods and measuring the level of family income, in this article, using a qualitative method, we seek to recognize the lived experience of children. The main question of the article is in what dimensions do children experience material deprivation? In this article, the ethnographic method was used to collect information from 30 children aged 10 to 17 who have experienced a life of poverty. Data analysis was performed using conventional qualitative content analysis. Findings show that material deprivation in poor children is experienced as an intricate coil with complex inner and outer layers, Compared with their peers. The outer layer of material deprivation is not having proper clothing and the inner layer is not having enough food. However, the lack of food has irreversible physical effects on children, but because the type of food consumed is hidden from others, food is less important than clothes. In between these two levels, there are other issues of material deprivation, such as the desire to own private space and objects, as well as living in adequate housing away from family problems.

Abstract The precise question in this article is how is sex related to understanding pain and how to deal with it?
To answer this question, Grounded Theory and Semi-structured Interview Techniques were used. The sample includes 34 people who live in two neighborhoods of Taavon and Sadi in Semnan city. Targeted sampling and theoretical sampling were used for sample selection.
Findings showed that the types of pain were identified in four paradigms (traditional health behavior), beautiful and fit body (modern health behavior), the body as a tool, and return to nature (postmodern health behavior). For women, especially in the traditional paradigm, the body as a tool of many pains is natural and completely feminine to endure. Men do not believe in natural pain. Imposed pain is seen between the sexes. In women, the imposed pain is more severe and is related to their feminine nature, but men associate the imposed pain with their breadwinner role. In the paradigm of a beautiful and well-proportioned body, women consider women's pain to be imposed, accept and endure the pain. In the paradigm of returning to nature, pain is also denied and is considered as a kind of consciousness.