Journal of Social Work Research

Abstract A number of studies have examined some forms of child labor, but there are no studies that systematically address the various forms of child labor, their contexts, characteristics, and consequences. In this study, using a qualitative method, the forms of child labor in Tehran have been studied. The study was conducted using the grounded theory method. The study population consists of three groups of children, their employers and child specialists. In order to analyze the findings, a three-step coding method was used to construct the theory of child labor. Findings show that children in Tehran work in various forms of work, including the worst form of work. The relations of these works are divided into three categories: kinship, employer and organized. The main causes of child labor are the development gap in the country, the war and poverty in Afghanistan, the poverty of families, the culture of some communities about children and child labor, the informal labor market and the legal framework and law enforcement. Also, the reasons for children and their families to work are to cover part of the household expenses, to learn skills in the absence of a link between education and employment. The main strategies of children and their families are a number of actions in order to promote and increase income and reduce work risks. In addition to being exploited, children in various forms of work, depending on their circumstances and characteristics, harms their physical and mental health and disorder their effective socialization.

Abstract The main purpose of this paper is the conception of lived experienced of social exclusion among Ilamian rural poor people. The method used is qualitative research by grounded theory approach. Each village that has sever poverty index, was selected. Our study is based on information gathered from 35 unstructured interview and focus group in seven district of Ilam. By this 35 unstructured Interview and 7 focus group theoretical saturation was occurred.  "Inequality and social exclusion" was selected as central category. Casual conditions were congregational poverty, lack of proficiency, unemployment, diverse, widowhood, gender discrimination, infertility, and social inequality, lack of social ties, migration, and disability. Some strategies are creation of minority group, conformity, migration, self- impoverishment and social dispute. Some consequences were pessimism, distrust, lack of partnership, apathetic, raise of social deviance, scuff of social ties, depression of agriculture and free – range economy and finally persistence of poverty, inequality and social exclusion.
 

Abstract The role of united nation development in women empowering
Empowering is a multifaced process that leads to provide equal share of resources for people and groups due to their deserves. Women empowering is important for some reasons,including the role of woman in preserving and managing the family and raising future generation, creating self confidence in women and knowing their righ ts. This study emphasizes the importance of the role of women empowering in united nation development. In line with this purpose, united nation development tries to extend capacities of its national partnership for developing women rights and orienting their activites toward millennium development goals.Development program contributrs to recognition and elimination enternal barriers of women activities in management arena institutional arrangments. United nation development program emphasizes in dealing the exclusive needs of women,valuing their knowledge in policy making,empowering organization in order to facilate women active participation in policy making and decision making,promoting social supporting, prioritizing women needs in key parts such as health caring ,capacity building and promoting responsibility in institutions and govetmental process,helping to dedicating financial sources,decreasing vulnerability, paying attention to women entrepreneurs needs in order to empowering the women. United nation development programm considers women as an undeniable condition for comprehensive, permanent and democratic development.