Journal of Social Work Research

Abstract The involvement of some families in extramarital relationships has triggered alarm bells regarding one of the deep social issues. There is no doubt about the historical neglect of emotional extramarital relationships by families and the social system. This neglect has also manifested itself differently in studies related to infidelity that have been designed and conducted so far. This study does not consider the consequences of emotional extramarital relationships to be lesser than those of sexual extramarital relationships and finds it to be a precursor to the emergence of other crises, including sexual infidelity. On this foundation, the correlates associated with emotional extramarital relationships have been examined by entering the lived experiences of women and men using phenomenological methods. The research highlights three main themes: the separation of interactions, the other, existential insecurity, and several subcategories, finding the interviewees' feeling of loss to be more reflective of the void of mutual emotional intimacies, the powerlessness in decision-making regarding the choice of an emotional partner, or the absence of an emotional actor in the home space. Therefore, any policymaking aimed at alleviating such issues, without investigating the familial backgrounds of individuals, is considered to be a misinterpretation of the problem. Consequently, due to the lack of limitation and finiteness of the subject, as well as the varied capacities, tendencies, and psychological readiness of individuals, it is recommended to focus on the centrality of consensual interactions as the key theme in sociological research on emotional extramarital relationships.

Abstract Marriage, as a fundamental human right and an indicator of social integration, holds twofold importance for people with disabilities. However, on the path to marriage, they face numerous obstacles such as negative attitudes, cultural discrimination, legal inequalities, and a lack of social support. This qualitative research, based on the social model of disability, examines the lived experiences of people with disabilities concerning marriage. The findings indicate that for many of these individuals, marriage is not only a source of emotional support and reduced isolation but also a tool for increasing self-confidence, improving quality of life, and social participation. Nevertheless, the public perception of people with disabilities as "lacking emotional or sexual needs" remains a serious barrier to their social acceptance. The participants' narratives point to differences in pre-marriage expectations and post-marriage challenges, emphasizing the importance of education, mutual understanding, and family support. Furthermore, different preferences in spouse selection and the essential role of psychological, economic, and family factors in the decision to marry have been highlighted. This study, aiming to enhance social understanding of the needs, capabilities, and aspirations of people with disabilities regarding marriage, calls for a rethinking of social and cultural policies and emphasizes the necessity of respecting agency and human dignity in all aspects of life.

Abstract In many cases, women heads of households are more vulnerable psychologically and socially than they are financially. This makes it necessary to pay attention to the health of women heads of households, especially their social health. In this regard, the present study, by selecting a sample of approximately 589 women heads of households in Tehran in a multi-stage cluster, tried to examine the social health of women heads of households and its determinants. The results indicate that the women heads of households studied are not in a desirable state in terms of social health. Among the different dimensions of social health, social integration and social acceptance have a more complicated situation in the women heads of households studied. The results of multivariate analysis showed that the social variables - including education, social support, role pressureand a sense of security in social interactions - have the greatest impact on the social health of women heads of households. In general, with the inclusion of all variables in the regression model, the variables of physical health level, social support level, education level, role pressure level, type of housing ownership, and level of feeling of economic insecurity have maintained their significance in recent years. Policy solutions arising from the research are presented in this text.

Abstract Given the emotional and psychological challenges faced by mothers of children with special needs, their psychological well-being and resilience may be diminished. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of narrative therapy on the psychological well-being and resilience of mothers of children with special needs in Bonab, Iran. This quasi-experimental study employed a pre-test and post-test control group design. The statistical population included mothers of children with special needs in Bonab, from whom 40 individuals were selected via convenience sampling and randomly assigned to either an experimental or a control group. The experimental group received 10 sessions of narrative therapy, while the control group received no intervention. The instruments included the Ryff's Psychological Well-Being Scale (1989) and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (2003). Data were analyzed using analysis of variance. The results showed that narrative therapy significantly increased psychological well-being and resilience in the experimental group. Based on the findings, narrative therapy can be used as an effective method to support mothers of children with special needs, improving their resilience and promoting their psychological well-being.

Abstract This study examines the cultural, familial, and childhood challenges faced by migrant families residing in Tehran's Harandi neighborhood. Utilizing a qualitative methodology, data were collected through semi-structured interviews with a purposive and snowball sample of 40 participants. The sample comprised three groups: migrant families living in Harandi, specialists in social work and social harms, and local business owners and government officials.The findings indicate that the intertwined cultural, social, and economic structures within these migrant families have led to significant role shifts. These shifts are characterized by the prevalence of child labor, women's entry into the workforce, child marriage, and adolescent parenting, all against a backdrop of pervasive poverty. Consequently, the conception of childhood is being transformed into one defined by labor, effectively forcing children into the roles of premature adults. This transformation, alongside the challenging living conditions, exposes both women and children to numerous psychosocial harms. In essence, the interplay between culture and family within this migrant community has redefined childhood in a manner that subjects children to a multitude of psychosocial challenges.

Abstract Cohabitation, as one of the manifestations of modernity in family relationships, reflects normative and structural transformations in the patterns of emotional bonds between partners. This study aims to explore the underlying contexts, strategies, and consequences of cohabitation in the city of Tehran. It seeks to answer the question: under what social, cultural, and economic conditions does this phenomenon emerge and persist? To achieve this, the study employs Grounded Theory methodology, collecting data through in-depth semi-structured interviews with 17 individuals who have experienced cohabitation. The data were analyzed using open, axial, and selective coding. Findings, interpreted through Anthony Giddens' theory of the “pure relationship,” reveal that cohabitation is a reflection of generational transition, individualism, relational fluidity, and the weakening of traditional bonds within the context of urban modernity. At the causal level, factors such as migration to metropolitan areas, prior negative experiences with formal marriage, economic pressure, diminished family oversight, and beliefs in gender equality influence the adoption of this lifestyle. Participants’ interactions were largely based on personal autonomy, emotional fulfillment, and relational equality. However, this type of relationship is also associated with consequences such as psychological instability, social exclusion, and lack of legal protections

Abstract Silent maternal melodies; A phenomenological narrative of infant abandonment in addicted women
Motherhood as a specific, objective, familiar, distinctive, universal, and sacred symbol has influenced various aspects of women's lives, and their gender identity is strengthened by playing this role. The aim of the present study is to provide the audience with a phenomenological understanding of the maternal experience among women with substance abuse. This study uses a qualitative method and is of the hermeneutic phenomenological type. The themes were obtained through semi-structured interviews with ten mothers with substance abuse who abandoned their infants at Mahdieh Hospital in Tehran in three consecutive months. The sample units in this study were conducted using purposive and accessible sampling and thematic analysis using the Dickelman method. Finally, using thematic analysis based on the Dickelman method, five main themes were extracted to express the lived experiences of mothers with substance abuse. The main themes in this study are; "Emotional freezing in the maternal experience", "identity dissociation", "service provider bias and structural stigma in the care of pregnant women who abuse drugs", "feeling of lack of agency in choice" and "experiencing emotional contradictions between dependence and separation". The results of the study showed that the construction of addicted mothers' own motherhoods has led to a renewal of concepts within motherhood for them and others.
Keywords; Motherhood, mothers with substance abuse, phenomenology, lived experience,

Abstract Cancer is a distressing and difficult experience for women. Despite the numerous challenges posed by this disease, especially for married women, few studies have examined these challenges. The present study was conducted with the aim of explaining the challenges experienced by women with female cancers, using a qualitative method and thematic analysis technique. The study began in December 1402 and data collection and study lasted until June 1403. Purposeful sampling was conducted on 24 married women with female cancers living in Qom; participants were aged 20 to 65 years.
In total, 9 main categories and 33 sub-themes were identified, and the final theme of “multifaceted dysfunction” was extracted as a summary of the participants’ lived experiences. The main themes in the first stage were the initial painful encounter with the disease; In the treatment phase, the threat to the role of wife, mental turmoil, emotional vulnerability, decreased family support, structured limitation of services, quality of service provided by the medical staff; and in the post-treatment phase, the threat to the role of wife-motherhood, psychological and material anxiety of the disease returning. The results showed that married women with female cancers face various challenges from the moment they are informed of the disease until after treatment. Understanding these challenges can provide a proper understanding of the issues of this group of women at each stage so that specialists, in addition to medical treatments, can design more effective and comprehensive assistance programs to improve their health status in all aspects.

Abstract This study aims to identify the factors influencing the tendency toward singlehood among employed women in executive agencies in Tehran, with an emphasis on modern lifestyle indicators. A qualitative research method with a grounded theory approach was employed, and data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 13 experts in the field of family studies. The findings reveal that the tendency toward singlehood among employed women is influenced by three main categories: social transformations, financial and economic dimensions, and cultural and identity-related characteristics.
In the domain of social transformations, the redefinition of values and social attitudes, parental acceptance of new lifestyles adopted by their children, and broader shifts at both macro and micro levels were key influencing factors. In terms of financial and economic aspects, women’s participation in the economy, rising marriage costs, and increasing economic uncertainties have driven many women toward choosing a single lifestyle. Additionally, in the cultural and identity dimension, family-based cultural capital, changing patterns of leisure activities, and evolving feminine values have played a critical role in shaping women’s attitudes toward marriage.
The results of this study indicate that the tendency toward singlehood among employed women is not merely an individual choice but is closely tied to structural changes within society. Shifting social attitudes, increased participation of women in economic and academic activities, economic pressures, and cultural changes have led to delayed marriages and a growing desire for independence. These developments highlight the need for social policies that align with the needs and priorities of employed women.

Abstract The management of disaster recovery processes plays a vital role in reducing negative impacts and restoring routine in communities. These processes require precise planning, effective strategies, and coordination among various institutions to ensure resilience in the face of post-crisis challenges. The aim of this study is to identify the challenges and obstacles in the bio-psychosocial recovery process after a crisis. This qualitative study involved 20 experts in the fields of crisis and recovery. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using thematic analysis. The results are divided into two main sections: (a) challenges and complexities of the recovery pathway, and (b) efficiency and dynamism of recovery systems. In the first section, considering the current situation, the problems and barriers in the post-crisis recovery process are explained, including structural, management, and resource-related obstacles. The second section focuses on strategies for developing and strengthening recovery systems to enhance efficiency, flexibility, and dynamism in dealing with crises. The findings provide solutions to improve the performance and resilience of systems in the future.

Abstract Purpose: This study examines the experience of domestic violence against Afghan women following the collapse of the government on August 15, 2021, and the Taliban's return to power.
Method: Employing a qualitative approach grounded in grounded theory methodology, the research involved semi-structured interviews with 20 Afghan women. Data were collected through purposive sampling and analyzed using open, axial, and selective coding based on the Strauss and Corbin framework. The interview transcripts were coded into 200 concepts, 17 axial categories, and one core category.
Result: A paradigmatic model was developed, structured around causal conditions, strategies, and consequences. The core category identified was “the intensification of domestic violence under emerging anomic conditions.” According to the participants, the Taliban’s return has led to increased social and economic restrictions, which in turn have exacerbated domestic violence.
In the paradigmatic model, causal factors such as the decline in economic status, the emergence of a new sociopolitical context, and heightened male dominance were identified as key drivers of violence. The coping strategies adopted by women included tolerating and exercising caution to minimize potential harm.
Conclusion: This study is the first to utilize a comprehensive paradigmatic model to analyze the political impacts on domestic violence, demonstrating that the new political environment has reinforced traditional norms, patriarchal structures, and economic pressures, all of which contribute to the rise in domestic violence. Afghan women, in response, have adopted conciliatory strategies to mitigate the violence. These findings underscore the urgent need for supportive and awareness-raising programs to reduce domestic violence.

Abstract The present study aims to examine the education of working children in Tehran, focusing on four main aspects: identifying the educational needs of working children, the education they receive, the strategies these children use to meet their educational needs, and the outcomes of this education. The research population consisted of working children in Tehran, aged 11 to 15 at the time of the interviews, who benefited from specialized schooling designed for working children. Through purposive sampling, 20 children were selected, but the findings were based on the interviews of 7 children whose responses were complete. Data were collected using interviews, and the research methodology was grounded theory. The findings indicate that the educational needs of the children were partially, but not entirely, met through the services and education provided by the specialized school. Overall, the strategies employed by the children to meet their educational needs can be categorized into four groups: individual, familial, professional, and general strategies. Other outcomes of the research include fourfold improvements in education, life skills, social skills, and work-related skills. The successful experience of Sobhe Royesh School in engaging these working children and helping them escape the cycle of neglect can be considered a social policy model applicable nationwide.

Abstract Accordingly, the aim of this study is to analyze mothers' performance in the process of shaping their children's cultural capital and to identify the challenges they face along this path. This study employed an ethnographic approach, using semi-structured ethnographic interviews and observations for data collection. The participants included 20 mothers aged 33 to 48 . The findings indicate that mothers, through their emotional capital, utilize various resources to establish strong bonds with their children and cultivate traits that society values as cultural capital. They achieve this through self-sacrifice and by dedicating significant time to direct education or by enrolling their children in various classes to equip them with diverse skills, thereby shaping their cultural capital. However, mothers encounter several challenges in the process of generating and accumulating cultural capital for their children, including: 1) The dilemma of being an "adequate" or "perfect" mother; 2)The conflict between motherhood, employment, and professional advancement; 3) A perceived lack of cultural capital.
The research findings indicate that mothers, by leveraging their emotional capital, use resources to establish a strong bond with their children in order to cultivate qualities in their children that are valued by society. They spend time teaching their children or equip them with various skills by taking them to different classes, thereby shaping their children's cultural capital. In the process of producing and accumulating cultural capital in their children, mothers face challenges that entail both negative and positive outcomes for them.

Abstract The main purpose of this qualitative study is to analyze causes, contexts and consequences of erlay marriage from standpoint of married school- girls. The conceptual framework of this study refers to the sociological Theories about family. The present study is qualitative (field) one. In this study, based on purposive and theoretical sampling methods are selected 16 married female school- girls in Sardrood section of Razan city as sample; the criterion of determining the sample size is theoretical saturation. Data are collected via open-ended questionnaires and in-depth individual interviews. They are divided into 3 main categories, 8 sub-categories and 27 concepts, which analyzed and interpreted with contextual analysis technique.
The results of this qualitative study show that from standpoint of the students who got married at the young age, they are two main reasons for erlay marrige, personal and family. Married girls consider the individual reasons for early marriage as “individual competition”, “reducing the risk of singlehood”, “lake of a clear future (other than marriage), “obtaining the patental consent”, and the family reasons as “control and domination over woman”, “strengthening the kinship ties” and “take care of childern”. According to married girls, the cultural contexts of early marriage are social and religious values of marriage” and its social contexts are “collapse of the family”, “social networks”, and “flexibility of the law (prohibition of marriage with children)”. The consequences of early marriage are “early adulthood”, “loss of women's subjectivity”, “incompatibility of roles”, “enclosure of women in private sphere” and “social status”.

Abstract Pregnancy is a period of significant life changes for families, requiring adaptation and coping with new challenges. Social workers, due to their expertise in social services, play a key role in providing comprehensive prenatal care. However, there is no comprehensive research in Iran on the role of social workers and their theoretical approaches during the prenatal period. This systematic review aimed to identify these roles and approaches by examining 17 international articles published between 2010 and 2023. The results indicate that social workers utilize a variety of theories, particularly interactional and social theories. This study also emphasizes that social justice is a core principle of prenatal social work. Using theories such as feminist, racial discrimination, and empowerment, social workers strive to reduce social and health disparities and promote the well-being of mothers, especially those from disadvantaged backgrounds. The findings of this research highlight the importance of multi-faceted and community-based approaches in prenatal social work interventions. Furthermore, interprofessional collaboration between social workers and other healthcare professionals is essential for providing comprehensive and effective services to mothers and infants. The findings of this study can serve as a basis for improving service quality and developing intervention programs in prenatal social work in Iran.

Abstract Population is one of the important and vital issues in any country, and fertility and childbearing are considered as its main components. The present study aims to understand the perception of women regarding the impact of incentive policies on childbearing. This research uses a qualitative research method and a case study approach, and data were collected through semi-structured interviews. To achieve the research objectives, 17 married women with different educational and occupational levels living in Tehran were purposively selected, and the interviews continued until data saturation was reached. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis method. The research findings are categorized into two main themes: “Barriers related to fertility and childbearing” and “Perception and understanding of women participating in supportive childbearing policies”, which include sub-themes such as “Financial and economic challenges”, “Marginalization of maternal values”, “Changes in values and norms”, “Lack of maternal skills and capabilities”, as well as themes like “Perception and understanding of supportive policies”, “Advertising and information dissemination”, “Implementation of incentive policies”, “Childbearing as a religious and national duty”. Overall, the research findings indicate that the demands and desires of the interviewed women for desirable policy-making in the field of childbearing incentive policies can be categorized into two groups: “Providing maternal facilities” and “Making job integration and women’s affairs compatible”. It is necessary for policymakers to pay special attention to these demands and desires of women in addition to the supportive policies provided.

Abstract Abstract
The violent actions of students at the school level have become one of the main issues of the education system in recent years, as we witness bitter and violent events at the school level every day. This research was carried out with the aim of Analyzing and gaining knowledge about the phenomenon of adolescent violence in school using a qualitative and ground theory method in the academic year of 1400-1401. The participants in the research were 32 students with violent behaviors and 4 students who were aware of these behaviors, and a total of 36 male students of the second secondary level of Karaj city were interviewed. Sampling was purposeful and with maximum variety, and interviews were conducted individually and based on semi-structured interview format, according to the participants' experiences, and analyzed using MAXQDA 20 software. Based on Strauss and Corbin's model, the variables "authoritarian parenting style", "economic problems", "bullying identity display", and "family disorder" as causal conditions and the categories of "virtual bullying" and "prejudice" as background conditions. "Inefficiency of schools" and "decrease in the level of resilience" were determined as intervening conditions. The strategy of teenagers with violent behavior includes bullying, denial of violence and dialogue (discussion in order to resolve conflict), which have been faced with consequences such as "psychological injuries", "punishment", and "regret and regret". The central category of the research is named "violence as a person's reaction to nervousness".

Abstract Purpose: The research was conducted with the purpose of investigating the effect of corona anxiety on the social relations and lifestyle of second grade high school students in Raz and Jorglan cities. Method: Descriptive-correlation research method and statistical population including all secondary school students of Raz and Jerglan cities, 240 boys and 218 girls were selected based on Morgan's table. The measurement tools included: Miller and Smith's lifestyle questionnaire (1989), Ebrahimi et al.'s social relations questionnaire (2011), and Alipour et al.'s (2020) Corona anxiety questionnaire. Pearson's correlation coefficient test and regression analysis were used to analyze the data. Findings: The findings of the research show that the anxiety of Corona has an effect on the social relations of students. Corona anxiety does not affect the lifestyle of students. The effect of corona anxiety on the social relations of students is different based on gender. Conclusion: Corona anxiety had an effect on the social relations of second secondary school students and girls had more experience of Corona anxiety.

Abstract Every year, on average, about 500 children under the care of the organization in the country leave the continuous support system of the organization in the form of independent life, marriage, etc., and in independent life, they sometimes face many problems in forming a joint or individual life. In this regard, the main goal of this research is the lived experience of the homeless youth in living an independent life and entering the society in Tehran. The current research is a qualitative research and was done by thematic analysis method. The research tool includes a semi-structured in-depth individual interview. The participants of the research included boys and girls without guardians transferred to the society, whose minimum age was 18 years and a maximum of 5 years had passed since their transfer. The choice was purposeful. MAXQDA software was used for data analysis. In reviewing the data from the interviews, it was coded into 7 main themes and 25 sub-themes. The findings indicated the contradictory feelings of the participants when they first entered the society, on the one hand, freedom from the center was very pleasant, on the other hand, the fear of loneliness also hindered their peace, they asked for material and spiritual support and that the life of young people After discharge, they felt uncomfortable because it is not a priority for the organization.

Abstract The present study aimed to review the studies related to successful aging in Middle Eastern countries using a systematic review method and a Meta-summary approach to identify the factors affecting successful aging. Forty-three different studies conducted in various Middle Eastern countries over ten years ending in 2023 were subjected to systematic review. After assigning codes and conducting a holistic analysis of the reviewed articles, the extracted cases were analyzed, synthesized, and combined. The results showed that six individual, religious, economic, lifestyle, social, and cultural factors are effective in successful aging. The relevant theories on successful aging that existed in the reviewed studies were studied, and important points such as successful aging theoretical models and the disengagement theory were highlighted as theoretical findings of the research. The findings indicate that physical and mental health, social relationships and support, being with family, having savings and insurance, relying on spirituality, and having a healthy lifestyle are the most important indicators of successful aging in the Middle East.

Abstract Child marriage is one of the patriarchal gender forms and it is a kind of sexual repression that occurs on the females. In this regard, the purpose of this article is to analyze the lived experience of the girls who accepted the masculine hegemony under the age of 15 and married early. To do this, the current research was conducted based on the qualitative approach using a phenomenological method. The data were collected from 31 female students of Sufian who had married in the early age. A purposeful sampling strategy and snowball method was used. Also, an in-depth semi-structured interview was conducted. The interviews were analyzed using the Collaizi method. The main findings of the research, having the sub-categories of passivity and acceptance of masculine hegemony, includes (approving on behalf of somebody as silent violence, great patriarchy, forced family marriage, instrumental use of symbols in the form of symbolic violence, physical contact with the opposite gender, and preserving the honor for men no, for women yes!). They were found as the underlying components of accepting early marriage under the influence of masculine hegemony.

Abstract After the spread of the COVID-19 epidemic at the end of 2019, it quickly affected all aspects of cultural, social, economic, and political life. Based on this, various sociological research was conducted in Iran after the outbreak of Covid-19. Examining this research can help to understand the experience of Iranian sociology in facing the COVID-19 epidemic. This research has been conducted using a systematic review method. The investigated study includes 101 scientific research articles published from the beginning of the COVID-19 epidemic to November 2023. After collecting the relevant research, they were analyzed and evaluated from two aspects. First, the selected studies were structurally reviewed. Then, the content of the research findings was categorized. Based on the analysis, sociological researches has been carried out in several significant areas: medialized bio-world (virtual space and traditional media), bio-world in danger (anxiety and fear, danger, quarantine, and trauma), medicalization (care, medicalization, and health), semantic rethinking (rethinking and death thinking) and changing social-cultural relations (family interactions, cultural changes, social changes, collective behaviors, marginal groups and religiosity changes). Some topics and areas of research, such as the political and economic consequences of the COVID-19 epidemic, which affects the entire Iranian society, have been sidelined and have not been investigated much.

Abstract The current research was about the effectiveness of social work educational and psychological interventions in national and international experimental studies. The type of study was a systematic review. 140 articles and theses were selected and after the evaluation criteria, 71 final articles and theses were selected. The scope of research articles is between 2000 and 2021 for foreign research and 1380 to 1400 for domestic articles and theses. Keywords social work, social workers, work and psychology, work and counseling, effectiveness of work psychology intervention, social work intervention, work training intervention were used. The results showed the effectiveness in the field of academic damage, addiction damage, AIDS-related damage, suicide damage, family damage, psychological disorder damage, violence damage, high-risk behavior damage, elderly damage and disease-related damage. Conclusion: In line with the findings of the research, it can be concluded that the psychological interventions of social work are effective in different axes and can be evaluated from different angles related to human life.

Abstract Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to explain the positive attitude towards addiction through a mechanistic model based on variables such as label, exclusion and feeling the need to use drugs. From a methodological point of view, this quantitative study was an explanatory survey. The statistical population was all the women undergoing treatment in addiction treatment centers of Golestan province in 2021, and 187 valid questionnaires were collected by available sampling method. The test of the research model was done by relying on the structural equation model (Amos26).
The results of the hypothesis process showed that the social label directly leads to an increase in social exclusion, then social exclusion has a significant effect on the feeling of needing to use drugs. Furthermore, the feeling of needing to use drugs has a strong influence on the positive attitude towards drugs. In general, the mentioned variables explain 0.69% of the variance of the positive attitude towards drugs. Therefore, a positive attitude towards addiction is a function of feeling the need to use drugs, which itself is a function of exclusion and social label.

Abstract Nowadays, access to the Internet and virtual space has spread among all sections of society and has affected various aspects of life. The purpose of the research is the relationship between the use of virtual space and the social capital of people with disabilities. The research method is a survey and the statistical population of people with physical, mobility, vision, hearing, sound and speech disabilities is covered by the welfare of Tehran province. Using Cochran's formula, 383 people were randomly selected as a sample size. The social capital questionnaire of Nahapit and Ghoshal (1998) was used to collect data. The findings showed that the use of virtual space by people with disabilities had a direct and meaningful relationship with interpersonal trust, generalized trust, institutional trust, cooperation, social support and social cohesion. But the use of virtual space had an inverse and significant relationship with social participation and social relations. In general, 63.8% of the variance of social capital is explained by the use of virtual space. The educational and research use of virtual space compared to other variables has had the greatest impact on the social capital of people with disabilities covered by the welfare of Tehran province. The result is that although the use of virtual space has reduced the participation and face-to-face social relations of people with disabilities. But more use of this space, especially in the educational aspect, has led to cooperation, support, trust and social cohesion of people with disabilities.